Hacktivism involves using computer systems and the internet to carry out political or social actions, often through unauthorized access to systems. Digital activism is a broader concept that uses online platforms to raise awareness and promote social change. What is Hacktivism? * Definition: Individuals or groups conducting cyber operations to express

Cybersecurity is a growing field with a variety of career paths. Professionals protect organizations from cyber threats, secure data, and ensure the integrity of digital systems. Certifications help validate skills and increase job opportunities. Popular Cybersecurity Career Paths 1. Security Analyst * Monitors networks and systems for security breaches. * Responds to

Ethical hacking is the practice of legally testing computer systems and networks to identify security weaknesses before malicious hackers can exploit them. It helps organizations strengthen their defenses and prevent cyber attacks. What is Ethical Hacking? * Definition: Authorized hacking performed to identify vulnerabilities in systems, networks, or applications. * Goal: Improve

The Dark Web is a part of the internet that is not indexed by traditional search engines and requires special software, like Tor, to access. While it can provide anonymity for privacy-conscious users, it is also known for hosting illegal activities and cyber threats. Structure of the Internet * Surface Web:

Personal data includes any information that can identify you, such as your name, address, email, phone number, financial details, and online activity. Protecting this data is essential to maintain privacy and prevent identity theft or fraud. Why Protect Personal Data? * Identity theft and financial fraud * Unauthorized access to accounts and

Cybersecurity is critical for businesses of all sizes. Companies handle sensitive data—employee records, customer information, and financial details—that can be targeted by cybercriminals. Implementing basic security measures helps reduce risk and maintain trust. Employee Awareness and Training * Train staff to recognize phishing emails, suspicious links, and social engineering

Cybersecurity threats are constantly evolving. Two major types of current threats that pose serious risks are zero-day vulnerabilities and exploits. Zero-Day Vulnerabilities * Definition: Security flaws in software or hardware that are unknown to the developer and therefore have no available patch. * Why They’re Dangerous: * Attackers can exploit these vulnerabilities

Cyber threats aren’t limited to viruses or malware. Malicious plugins, applications, and keyloggers can secretly compromise your devices, steal data, or disrupt your system. Understanding them is crucial for safe digital habits. Malicious Plugins * Definition: Browser or software extensions that contain harmful functionality. * What They Can Do: * Track your

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming cybersecurity by enabling faster detection, smarter defense, and proactive threat prevention. AI helps security teams keep up with increasingly sophisticated cyber attacks. How AI Helps Cybersecurity * Threat Detection: AI can identify unusual patterns of behavior in network traffic or system activity that may indicate malware

Cyber hygiene refers to the everyday practices and habits that help protect your devices, accounts, and personal data from cyber threats. Just like personal hygiene keeps your body healthy, good cyber hygiene keeps your digital life safe. Use Strong, Unique Passwords * Avoid simple passwords like 123456 or password. * Use different

Ransomware is a type of malicious software that locks or encrypts your files and demands payment (usually in cryptocurrency) to restore access. It’s a growing threat for individuals and organizations worldwide. How Ransomware Works 1. Infection often occurs via phishing emails, malicious downloads, or compromised websites. 2. Once activated,

Phishing attacks trick users into revealing sensitive information like passwords, credit card numbers, or personal details. Spear phishing is a more targeted form of phishing aimed at specific individuals or organizations. Phishing Examples Generic Email Scams: * An email claiming you’ve won a lottery or prize and asking you to

Social media platforms are widely used, but they can expose personal information if not managed carefully. Protecting your accounts and privacy is essential to avoid identity theft, scams, or unauthorized access. Secure Your Accounts * Use strong, unique passwords for each platform. * Enable Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) to add an extra layer

Mobile devices are central to our daily lives, storing sensitive information like emails, banking apps, and personal data. Protecting them is critical to prevent cyber attacks and data theft. Keep Your OS and Apps Updated * Regular updates fix security vulnerabilities and bugs. * Both Android and iOS provide automatic update options—

As more individuals and businesses move data to the cloud, securing that data has become essential. Cloud security protects information stored on cloud services from unauthorized access, data breaches, and other cyber threats. What is Cloud Security? Cloud security involves a set of policies, technologies, and controls designed to protect

A VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a service that creates a secure, encrypted connection between your device and the internet. It acts like a private tunnel that hides your online activity from hackers, ISPs, and other third parties. How a VPN Works * Your internet traffic is encrypted, making it unreadable

Cyber attacks come in many forms, each targeting systems, networks, or users for disruption, theft, or exploitation. Understanding the main types helps you recognize and defend against them. Denial of Service (DoS) Attack * Definition: A DoS attack overwhelms a system, server, or network with traffic to make it unavailable to

Your home Wi-Fi is the entry point to all your connected devices—computers, phones, smart TVs, and even IoT devices. If not secured properly, attackers can gain access to your data or use your network for malicious activity. Common Risks of Unsecured Wi-Fi * Unauthorized users “piggybacking” on your internet. * Hackers

Network security is about protecting the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of data as it travels across or is stored in computer networks. It ensures that only authorized users can access resources, while keeping attackers out. Core Principles (CIA Triad) * Confidentiality – Preventing unauthorized access to sensitive data. * Integrity – Ensuring data is

Antivirus Software What it does: * Scans files, programs, and downloads for malware (viruses, worms, Trojans, ransomware). * Removes or quarantines harmful files. * Provides real-time protection against new threats. Best Practices: * Keep antivirus software updated so it recognizes the latest threats. * Schedule regular scans of your device. * Don’t disable antivirus protection,

Malicious software (malware) is any program or code designed to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorized access to computers and networks. Understanding the main types of malware helps you recognize and prevent attacks. 1. Viruses * Definition: Malicious programs that attach themselves to files or software and spread when those files are

What is Social Engineering? Social engineering is the use of manipulation and deception to trick people into giving away confidential information or granting access. Instead of hacking machines, attackers hack human behavior. Examples of Social Engineering Tactics: * Pretending to be IT support to get login details. * Impersonating a coworker or

Browser Safety Your web browser is the gateway to the internet—keeping it safe is essential. Tips: * Keep your browser updated to patch security flaws. * Install only trusted extensions (avoid suspicious add-ons). * Use private/incognito mode when browsing on shared devices. * Clear browsing history and cache regularly. Cookies Cookies are

Password Security Passwords are the first line of defense against unauthorized access. A weak or reused password makes it easier for attackers to break into your accounts. Best Practices for Strong Passwords * Use at least 12+ characters (longer = stronger). * Combine uppercase, lowercase, numbers, and symbols. * Avoid personal info (birthdays, names,

What is Cybersecurity? Cybersecurity is the set of technologies, processes, and practices designed to safeguard computers, networks, programs, and data from unauthorized access, attacks, or damage. Core Concepts * Confidentiality – Ensuring that sensitive information is accessible only to those authorized to see it. * Integrity – Protecting data from being altered or tampered